Visible Minority And Immigrant Racism - 1583 Words

Visible Minority and Immigrant Racism in the Canadian Work Environment In the ideal world, every person is treated equally in the workplace whether it be hiring, promotion, assignments or termination. However in reality, racial discrimination and harassment remain pervasive in the workplace, with 1 in 4 visible minority workers who reported that they had experienced racial harassment or discrimination in the workplace [3]. In this essay, I will be discussing the social-history of racism in the workplace, the nature of racism in the labour force, motives and factors, immigration policies, temporary programs and exploitation of employment, the de-skilling of individuals and non-recognition of foreign credentials, the social-history of racism in the workplace, racism in the sociological conflict theory paradigm, and finally, policy recommendations to aimed to eliminate and decrease racism in the work environment. In the Canadian work environment, racism exists as a complex and multidimensional inequality for visible minorities and immigrants, and can be e xamined socially, economically and politically using the sociological Marxist conflict theory paradigm. The Social-History of Racism in the Workplace The scramble to increase wealth began following the ‘discovery’ of the western hemisphere by wealth-seeking European empires. Initially, empires sought for gold but later realized the soil of the new lands were of the greatest wealth, but could only be acquired through the labourShow MoreRelated Prejudice and Racism in Canada Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesRacism is a Problem in Canada A few years ago in Smalltown, CA a burning cross was placed in the lawn of a visible minority family. Although the media seemed shocked at this explicit racial attack and portrayed the attackers as a group of abnormal, twisted deviants, I was not surprised. As an Asian student who is writing her Sociology honours thesis on visible minorities in Canada, I know on a personal and academic level that racism in Canada does exist. Although explicit racial incidents areRead MoreCanada Is Not The Post Racist Utopia1618 Words   |  7 Pagessame Canada â€Å"experienced by the disenfranchised such as Aboriginal peoples, racialized minorities, and the newest Canadians† (Fleras, 2017, p.7). The reality of Canada’s seemingly pristine reputation is routinely glossed over with â€Å"polite fictions of tolerance, fairness, and generosity† (Fleras, 2017, p.6). That is, there is a discrepancy between the ideal – what Multiculturalism says it is doing in combating racism à ¢â‚¬â€œ and the real – what it is really doing in perpetuating a racialized and racist CanadaRead MoreThe Canadian Labor Market Of Canada1274 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a very strong emphasis on human rights systems and laws to address discrimination in Canada. Unfortunately simultaneously, Canadians also have a heritage of racism. It is not targeted only at Aboriginal persons, contrary to a common belief; it is also targeted towards other groups also, consisting of Chinese, African, South Asian, Japanese, Muslim and Jewish Canadians. Even today the Canadian structures and systems are affected by this legacy distressing the lives of everyone and especiallyRead MoreDiscrimination And Immigration Policy Problems850 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination and Immigration Policy problems Canadian s immigration policies have been known to discriminate based on ethnicity. are speaks a lot to how Canadians shifted in accepting more immigrants, not necessarily because of an expanded view and approval for other ethnicities, but for labor and economic reasons. The post-war era required skillful workers, and now that European migration stalled Canada removed tightly bound racist policies ( Source 2). Before and during World War twoRead MoreRacism in the United States787 Words   |  3 PagesRacism is the trend of thought, or way of thinking, which attaches great importance to the notion of the existence of separate human races and superiority of races that are usually associated with inherited physical characteristics or cultural events. Racism is not a scientific theory, but a set of preconceived opinions they value the biological differences between humans, attributing superiority to some according to racial roots. Even in such ethnically diverse country as the Un ited States, racismRead MoreMulticulturalism Is A Fact Of Canadian Life1151 Words   |  5 Pagesidentified themselves as a member of a visible minority group which, represented 19.1% of the total population. Multiculturalism is defined as â€Å"the co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviours†. With this definition, the crucial points become â€Å"co-existence of diverse cultures† and â€Å"customary behaviors†. In Canada, the numbers show that there exists a large number of visible minority people, around 6,264,800 to beRead MoreThe Persecution Of Visible Minorities1935 Words   |  8 PagesAs previously stated, the persecution of visible minorities has occurred throughout Canadian history. Canadian history is plagued with examples of persecution and racism against visible minorities, specifically Canadian history has exhibited overt forms of persecution that exist on an institutional level, such as the segregation of Aboriginals in residential schools and the internment camps that held Japanese Canadians. Current persecution of racialized individuals has become more concealed and nowRead MoreTo Understand Poverty, It Is Crucial To Understand The1329 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for poverty to occur. Without this entrenchment of inequality amongst institutions and systems within society, it is clear that poverty would look very different. This paper will delve into the concept of racialized poverty and how racialized minorities have a greater propensity to remain in poverty due to a lack of accessibility to high quality and equal institutions. By examining systems such as the labour market, education and healthcare , it will become evident that racialized minorties areRead MoreThe Culture Of Violence And The Cultures Of Impunity And Intolerance1813 Words   |  8 Pages‘white settler society’,† thus shunning non-whites as a l ower class. Minorities and immigrants were especially treated unfairly throughout the 20th century and labelled as ‘enemy alien’ as a consequence of the many wars taken place during that time period. They suffered through cultural racism and discrimination from the majority of Canada. Past Canadians believed their treatments and isolation towards the immigrants and minorities was an act of protection and patriotism of their people and their countryRead MoreSexual Racial Discrimination Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesScott Kim Communications 10 Prof. M. Goldstein Katharine Hepburn, Harvey Milk, Fred Korematsu, and Kenneth Clark were all leaders representing minorities in America. These deviants to society made efforts to bring about positive cultural changes in times of strong sexual or racial discrimination. Great improvements have been made as a result of the contributions these citizens made to our country. In 1930’s America, the public view on gays and lesbians were not as liberal as they are today

Critical Analysis of The Awakening Essay - 970 Words

Critical Analysis of The Awakening The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, is the story of a woman who is seeking freedom. Edna Pontellier feels confined in her role as mother and wife and finds freedom in her romantic interest, Robert Lebrun. Although she views Robert as her liberator, he is the ultimate cause of her demise. Edna sees Robert as an image of freedom, which brings her to rebel against her role in society. This pursuit of freedom, however, causes her death. Chopin uses many images to clarify the relationship between Robert and Edna and to show that Robert is the cause of both her freedom and her destruction. Birds are a sizable image in The Awakening. Edna feels like a caged bird, and wishes to be freed. When†¦show more content†¦This is represented by Madame Lebruns parrot and mocking-bird. Mr. Pontellier is annoyed by the birds incessant chatter. However, they had the right to make all the noise they wished (43). Edna is caged, and she is doing what ever she can to be free within her limits. Mr. Pontellier is upset by his wifes struggles for freedom. She allows herself to fall in love with Robert, and purchases her own house, despite the wishes of her husband. Just as the birds have no concern that their singing may bother those outside their cage, so Edna does not care that her actions may negatively affect others. Just before Edna kills herself, she sees a bird with a broken wing...beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water (175). Edna is this bird; disabled and heading to her death in the water. Her freedom is not total , and causes her death. For Edna, swimming represents freedom. When she learns to swim, A feeling of exultation [overtakes] her, as if some power of significant import [has] been given her to control the working of her body and her soul (73). Because Robert is the one who teaches her how to swim, he is seen as her liberator. She fears the water, just as she fears freedom. When she does taste freedom, she desires more of it. This is paralleled when she learns to swim. She wanted to swim far out, where no woman had swum before (73). Robert aids in her independence, butShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening Critical Analysis1596 Words   |  7 Pages The Awakening by Kate Chopin Critical Analysis The novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, was written during the late 19th century, when the feminist movement was in its infancy. During that era, the novel was yet to be discovered and the few considered it as a disgrace. Many thought that it portrayed a negative example of how a women should think and behave. Women during that era expected the book to be more â€Å"sophisticated† and â€Å"ladylike,† but Chopin had a different view of how women shouldRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Awakening1412 Words   |  6 Pagesand desires, reaching untamed worlds. Turning imagination into realism is denounced as an impossible being, but it s in fact the awakening to our lucid dreaming. Edna Pontellier is a woman with a heart that soared beyond the horizons into a limitless world, forced into cage by the inevitable way of life. Kate Chopin through the beautifully sculpted novel â€Å"The Awakening† condemned Edna with a mindset beyond her years, finding meaning thro ugh her unsocial actions shunned by the eyes of others. EdnaRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Awakening1899 Words   |  8 PagesThe Awakening LAP #3 Prompt #3 Ivan Jimenez Period 3 AP Literature and Composition 10/27/17 Just like a coin that is divided into heads and tails humanity is divided into male and female. Both are human just the same but equality is a matter that women have never completely attained. As for almost all of human history women were oppressed by men. Living under patriarchal societies women were forced to conform with their roles as housewives. They were told to keep quiet and were never allowed toRead MoreCritical Analysis: Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay1800 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel The Awakening, Kate Chopin (2005) uses deep symbolism to show how the main character, Edna Pontellier, discovers her own independence in the society in which she lived. Edna was a traditional mother and wife seeking freedom and independence throughout her adult life. Chopin portrays Edna as being a rebel against her own life. The story takes place in the 1960s when women were to follow certain rules made by the society they lived in. Chopin also foreshadows the things that occur in Ed na’sRead More Essay on The Awakening712 Words   |  3 PagesCritical Views of The Awakening      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, is full of ideas and understanding about human nature. In Chopins time, writing a story with such great attention to sensual details in both men and women caused skepticism among readers and critics. However, many critics have different views with deeper thought given to The Awakening. Symbolism, the interpretation of Ednas suicide, and awakenings play important roles in the analysis of all critics.    SymbolismRead MoreWolffs Analysis of Chopins The Awakening647 Words   |  3 PagesWolff’s Analysis of Chopin’s The Awakening In her essay Un-Utterable Longing: The Discourse of Feminine Sexuality in Kate Chopins The Awakening, Cynthia Griffin Wolff creates what Ross Murfin describes as a critical whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. (376) By employing a variety of critical approaches (including feminist, gender, cultural, new historicism, psychoanalytic and deconstruction) Wolff offers the reader a more complete (albeit complex) explanation of Edna PontelliersRead More A Deconstructionist Critique of Chopin’s The Awakening Essay536 Words   |  3 PagesA Deconstructionist Critique of Chopin’s The Awakening The multiplicity of meanings and (re)interpretations informing critical studies of The Awakening reveal a novel ripe for deconstructionist critique. Just as Chopin evokes an image of the sea as symbolic of Edna’s shifting consciousness (â€Å"never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander in abysses of solitude,†138), likewise the deconstructionist reading of a text emphasizes fluidity over structure: â€Å"A text consistsRead MoreSt. Louis And New Orleans1606 Words   |  7 PagesLouisiana, Chopin was still far from having established herself as a writer whose work was commercially profitable. Under the advice of editors that a longer work would have a broader appeal, she turned again to the novel form, publishing The Awakening in 1899. The Awakening, however, received uniformly unfavorable reviews, and in some cities it was banned from library shelves. In St. Louis, Chopin was dropped by friends and refused membership in a local fine-ar ts club. Chopin had never expected such a stormRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne And The Awakening1416 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscriminated against, but the people close to them as well. This is demonstrated through the novels The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Awakening by Kate Chopin. The Scarlet Letter follows the story of a woman named Hester Prynne who is forced to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest as punishment for her crime of adultery. The Awakening follows the story of a woman named Edna Pontellier and the struggle that she faces when she has an affair and separates from her husband and her familyRead MoreEdna Pontellier and Elizabeth Bennet: Challenge of 19th Century Conventional Methods1344 Words   |  6 Pagesnineteenth century. Both women often challenged conventional societal methods within their works, which inherently caused these literary geniuses to write in complete secrecy. Chopin and Austen gave birth to characte rs such as Edna Pontellier in The Awakening, and Elizabeth Bennett, the renowned protagonist of Austen’s novella Pride and Prejudice. While noble in their respective ways one can easily mistake Edna and Elizabeth to be selfish creatures of society because of their ardent pursuit of happiness

Great Wall of China Free Essays

The Rise and Fall of China’s Great Wall The rise and fall of China’s Great Wall: the race to save a world treasure – Special Report Current Events, Sept 27, 2002 Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl. net. It’s free! Save it. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Wall of China or any similar topic only for you Order Now MADE OF BRICK, STONE, and dirt, the Great Wall twists and turns across China’s landscape like a giant dragon. It seems to rise out of the sea at Bo Hal gulf, a place known to local people as Laolongtou, or â€Å"the old dragon’s head. † The wall then stretches across the plains, crawls along the sides of mountains and scales their peaks as it spans the Asian countryside. This ancient wonder, built entirely by hand, often overwhelms visitors. On a trip to the wall in 1909, French scholar Auguste Gilbert de Voisins said, â€Å"Nothing stops it, nothing gets in its way; seeing it at this point, one might believe it to be eternal. † Today, however, neglect, misuse, and modernization threaten the giant dragon. Although the wall once stretched nearly 4,000 miles across China’s northern border, only about 1,500 miles of China’s Great Wall remain. The rest has fallen apart and disappeared. This year, the World Monuments Fund placed the Great Wall on its list of 100 Most Endangered Sites. The group hopes to protect what’s left of the wall and to encourage the Chinese government and others to save the historic structure. According to a World Monuments Fund report, â€Å"[The wall] was built to protect China; now China must protect it. † The Great Wall of Qin China’s Great Wall didn’t start out so great. Begun nearly 2,300 years ago, the structure was a series of small fortifications. As early as 600 B. C. , people in China built small walls around their homes and cities for protection. Soldiers guarded the gates around the city walls during the day and swung the gates shut at night. During the Warring States period (475-221 B. C. ), leaders struggling for control of China built walls around entire kingdoms. Soldiers occupied forts and towers on the wall and fought to protect the borders of the independent states. In 221 B. C. , Qin Shi Huangdi unified the kingdoms and became the first emperor of China. Qin Shi Huangdi gave orders to build the chang cheng, or â€Å"long wall,† to protect China from northern nomads who were trying to invade China. Laborers built the wall by joining walls constructed earlier and extending the length of the wall to nearly 3,100 miles. With the help of General Meng Tian, Qin Shi Huangdi ordered 800,000 men–soldiers, prisoners, and peasants–to build the wall. Where stones were plentiful, workers used stones to build parts of the wall. Where stones were scarce, workers used dirt. To build the wall, laborers dug up large amounts of dirt and carried it to the wall. The workers then piled dirt into wooden frames about 6 inches deep. They used wooden instruments to pound the dirt until it became a solid mass. This process was repeated until the wall reached a desired height. Workers then moved the wooden frames to the next section of the wall and began the process again. According to legend, Qin Shi Huangdi condemned workers to death for making the slightest construction errors. Today, few traces of the Qin wall remain. After Qin Shi Huangdi’s death in 210 B. C. , workers abandoned the wall and it eventually crumbled into ruins. The Ming Fortress Nearly all of Qin Shi Huangdi’s successors built walls along China’s northern frontier. The fortifications, however, never fully protected China from invasion. During the early 13th century, Genghis Khan, leader of the Mongols, a nomad group from the north, united several nomad armies and conquered much of Asia. In 1279, Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kubilai Khan, overthrew the Chinese emperor and established the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368). The Yuan emperors did not maintain the old wall or build a new one, so the wall began to fall into ruins. After Khan died in 1227, a Chinese farmer named Zu Yuanzhang led a rebel army and helped overthrow the last Yuan emperor. When Zu Yuanzhang seized power, he established the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). Zu and his successors decided to rebuild China’s Great Wall, which lay mostly in ruins, to keep the Mongols from returning to reconquer China. For nearly 200 years, thousands of workers toiled away on the Ming wall–reinforcing the Great Wall with bricks and stone. The Ming wall eventually blocked mountain passes that Mongol soldiers had used to invade China. When Mongol tribes attacked the wall, Chinese soldiers alerted others by lighting signal fires. When guards from a signal tower saw the fire, they built another fire, passing the warning along the wall. The number of smoke plumes and cannon shots fired indicated to Chinese soldiers how many enemy soldiers were approaching. The Ming government taxed the people of China heavily to pay for construction of the Great Wall. In 1644, the Manchus, a nomad tribe from northeast of Peking, helped rebels overthrow the Ming rulers and started the next era in Chinese history–the Qing dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, Manchu forces drove out Mongol invaders and extended China’s border farther north beyond the Great Wall. The wall no longer protected China’s border, so construction stopped and soldiers abandoned the fortresses. The Wall At Risk Today, Chinese officials warn that the Great Wall is once again under attack. But this time the wall is not in danger from invaders. Instead local people and tourists alike threaten the wall. Dong Yaohui, head of the Great Wall Society of China, recently persuaded a local government to levy a fine on residents in a small village after they demolished part of the wall to obtain bricks for new houses. And in 1999, officials in the autonomous region of Nei Monggol (once called Inner Mongolia) plowed through the Great Wall to build a highway. Nature has also taken its toll. At the wall’s western end, desert sandstorms have worn down much of China’s great wonder. Dong Yaohui said, â€Å"Saving the Great Wall is now the most urgent task facing our country. Its splendor must be rebuilt. † Preservationists also argue that commercial developers are destroying the aesthetic beauty of China’s Great Wall. Developers have turned parts of the wall into a tourist destination. Visitors to the wall at the Badaling section near Beijing can take one of five cable cars to the top of the wall, bungee-jump off a section of the wall, paraglide along the wall, or ride a toboggan down the mountain. William Lindesay, an Englishman living in China, organized a group to protect and preserve what is left of the wall. Lindesay’s group, the International Friends of the Great Wall, works with local villagers to pick up garbage along the wall and make sure the wall is protected from vandals. â€Å"The wall is in grave, grave danger,† Lindesay said. The Chinese government also hopes to protect the national treasure. Officials in Beijing are considering legislation that, if passed, would convict anyone caught littering or defacing the Great Wall to a jail term of up to seven years. Arthur Waldron, a historian, wrote, â€Å"Whatever the future brings, the image of the wall †¦ as a symbol of China †¦ seems bound to endure. † Get Talking Ask students: why do you think the Great Wall of China was built? What is the approximate length of the wall? What might have been some of the challenges faced by the wall’s builders? What might the wall be threatened today? Background The Great Wall is among the most popular tourist destinations in China, along with the Forbidden City in Beijing, and the Terra Cotta Warriors at Xi’an. Qin Shi Huangdi (the first emperor of China) unified the nation of China and built the first Great Wall. After Qin Shi Huandi died, he was buried in a tomb with an army of terra cotta warriors and horses at Xi’an. In 1974, Qin Ski Huangdi’s tomb was discovered by a group of archaeologists. During the Qin Dynasty–when the first Great Wall was built–workers toiled for ten years to build the wall, at a rate of about 25 miles per month. Portions of the wall have been rebuilt during the past century–including the section of the wall at Badaling, near China’s capital of Beijing. Many myths surround China’s Great Wall. One of the most prevalent is that the Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from the Moon. However, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), â€Å"The Great Wall can barely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be possible to see it from the Moon with the naked eye. † Doing More After students have read the story, ask them to research other sites listed as endangered by the World Monuments Fund. What are the biggest threats to those sites? Why are the sites considered important? When students have finished gathering the information, have them present their findings to the class. How to cite Great Wall of China, Essay examples

Science V Religion Essay Example For Students

Science V Religion Essay Since the dawn of man, humans have striven to explain the many mysteries of the universe, and to justify our existence in it. Throughout this journey of self-understanding, numerous standpoints on human existence have evolved and merged into a complex, abstract manifestation called religion. However, as the human race has grown and advanced itself, many ideas expressed by religion seem less and less plausible. Advances in science and technology have yielded a new breed of human thought that has disturbed and shaken the foundations of religious ideology. Our new, scientifically grounded understanding of the universe has unfolded a plethora of answers to age-old questions, which are antithetical to the explanations offered by religion. As strong scientific evidence has surfaced which is contrary to the prevailing religious view, open-minded believers have adapted their beliefs accordingly, but many fundamentalists refuse to accept scientific evidence. This is the root of the dilemma between science and religion. Many philosophers and theists have offered their views concerning the ongoing battle between science and religion. Reconciliation between science and religion is impossible, because the claims made by religion and the evidence provided by science are so extraordinarily different. The advance of science has caused many theists to compromise traditional religious beliefs in order to facilitate scientific evidence, thus proving that scientific explanations of the universe are more plausible than the rationales offered by religion. An excellent example of this can be seen in the question of the age of the planet Earth. According to religious theology, the Earth is less than ten thousand years old. However, there is an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence that proves the Earth to be many billions of years old. Many religious thinkers have responded to this evidence, by claiming that the methods used to ascertain the Earths age are inaccurate. They argue that radioactive dating; a widely accepted method of determining the age of rocks, is inaccurate because there is no available rock sample of a known age, which the method can be calibrated to. However, this argument is obsolete, because the only calibration required to find the age of a rock is the measurement of decay rates, which can be found in the laboratory in a controlled experiment (Badash 90). Because of the evidence provided by scientific research, many religious thinkers have been forced to compromise their position, and have attempted to blend scientific fact with biblical accounts of the age of the earth. Many theists contend that the words of the bible are metaphorical, and can be interpreted in a way that reconciles the biblical account of the Earths age with scientific fact. According to Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, the earth was created in six days: And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day Genesis 1:31 (Catholic Information Network Online). They argue that other passages in the book of Genesis can be interpreted to mean that a day to God can be thousands of years, and because of this, the Earth could have been created over a much longer timeframe than six days, and can thus be as old as science proves it to be. However, this seems to be a weak point in the argument on behalf of the biblical age of Earth. In questioning the validity of the Bible as a literal work, it opens up the possibility that Christianity may be wrong. When religious thinkers accept scientific fact and try to harmonize it with the bible, the validity of the entire faith has been undermined, and this puts any biblical based argument on shaky ground. Another quandary sought to be resolved by both religion and science, is the question of mankinds origin. Modern science has provided many explanations concerning the origin of man, which contradict the traditional idea of creation. The best known of these explanations is the theory of biological evolution. Simply stated, biological evolution encompasses the changes experienced by a particular species over thousands and millions of generations as it reproduces varying offspring, more of which are generally better suited to survive in their environment than the generation before (Britannica Encyclopedia Online). Evidence for biological evolution can be seen in the diversity of life that surrounds us. It is estimated that there are over two million species on Earth, all of which have similar defining characteristics. Diary of anne frank Essay Although creation science does a good job of stretching the words of the bible in order to keep up with the fast paced findings of science, I find it hard to believe in creationism. The overwhelming amount of evidence in support of evolution makes it a far more plausible explanation for the origin of species. Another problem between science and religion concerns the existence of god. The field of physics describes the universe in relatively simple concepts. Although the explanations of the mechanics of the universe offered by physics may not appear to be simple, as we learn more and more physics, the structure of the universe does in fact seem more and more uncomplicated. However, theists postulate that an infinitely complex god is necessary to explain the simple structured universe. Descartes argues that god is a very complex being, having qualities of omnipotence and omniscience. The theists position replaces the question, How did our simple universe get here? with the much more difficult question How did an infinitely complex god get here? The principle of Ockhams Razor posits that simpler explanations are more likely to be correct than complex explanations (Britannica Encyclopedia Online). This scientific principal cuts God out of the picture. According to the most well known scientist of our time, Albert Einstein, the more a man is imbued with the ordered regularity of all events the firmer becomes his conviction that there is no room left by the side of this ordered regularity for causes of a different nature (Larson and Witham 313). In other words, the more a person understands about the workings of the universe, the more he or she is aware of natures simplicity, and the less likely he or she is to believe in god. This is the reason why 93% of the members of the National Academy of Sciences are nontheists (Larson and Witham 313). However, theists claim that the existence of god can be proven through scientific fact. Rev. William Paley in his 1802 book, Natural Theology, argues that, an artifact exhibiting a complexity of parts that collaborate to create a purposeful function requires a designer (Foster 58). Paley argues that if we see evidence for a similar design in the creations of nature, then the object also needs a cosmic designer, or God (Foster 59). I find this position hard to accept. Everything in nature can be seen or measured. However, god is intangible, and to believe in god is a complete act of faith. Many theists point out that certain aspects of nature are also invisible, such as gravitational fields and magnetic fields (Foster 60). However, a parallel cannot be drawn between the invisibility of these natural phenomenons and the invisibility of god, because these aspects of nature can be measured. God, on the other hand, cannot be proven to exist through empirical evidence. If scientific evidence exists that refutes the teachings of the bible, then why do people believe in religion? Religion gives humanity a sense of security, a sense of individual purpose, and most importantly, brings people together. Arguably the most important aspects of any valid religion is its belief in a code of conduct, a set of moral teachings that define how people should behave towards others. Religion is one of the major ways one generation passes on its values and morals to each succeeding generation. Religion has also been viewed as a way to control the masses. According to Karl Marx, Religion is the opium of the people (Microsoft Bookshelf CD-ROM 1998). Despite the scientific arguments that challenge the teachings of religion, religion will always remain an institution in our society.Words/ Pages : 2,087 / 24

Japanese Gardens Essays - Landscape, Japanese Garden,

Japanese Gardens Japanese Gardens The role of gardens play a much more important role in Japan than here in the United States. This is due primarily to the fact the Japanese garden embodies native values, cultural beliefs and religious principles. Perhaps this is why there is no one prototype for the Japanese garden, just as there is no one native philosophy or aesthetic. In this way, similar to other forms of Japanese art, landscape design is constantly evolving due to exposure to outside influences, mainly Chinese, that effect not only changing aesthetic tastes but also the values of patrons. In observing a Japanese garden, it is important to remember that the line between the garden and the landscape that surrounds it is not separate. Instead, the two are forever merged, serving as the total embodiment of the one another. Every aspect of the landscape is in itself a garden. Also when observing the garden, the visitor is not supposed to distinguish the garden from its architecture. Gardens in Japan incorporate both natural and artificial elements, therefor uniting nature and architecture into one entity. Japanese gardens also express the ultimate connection between humankind and nature, for these gardens are not only decorative, but are a clear expression of Japanese culture. Although this extremely close connection of the individual with nature, the basic principle of Japanese gardens, has remained the constant throughout its history, the ways in which this principle has come to be expressed has undergone many great changes. Perhaps the most notable occurred in the very distinct periods in Japanese history that popularized unique forms of garden styleHeian (781-1185), and the Kamakura (1186-1393). Resulting from these two golden ages of Japanese history came the stroll garden from the former period and the Zen garden from the later. As we shall see, the composition of these gardens where remarkably effected by the norms of architecture and the ideals of popular religion in these eras. Therefor, in understanding each garden style in its context, it essential to also take into account the social, historical, and theological elements as well as the main stylist differences. Japanese aristocrats from at least mid-eighth century customarily had gardens near their homes. During the Heian period a somewhat standard type of garden evolved in accordance with the Shinden type of courtier mansion (Bring and Wayembergh, p. 28-29). Characteristic of the Heian period was its extremely rigid class stratification; life for the farmers, merchants and artisans consisted of very simplified dwellings in comparison to those of members of the aristocracy. The architecture norm for aristocratic homes was in the Shinden-zurkuri style, which was clearly based on the principle that the individual parts of the building should be merged as much as possible into the garden (Yoshida, p.12). The main building, named the Shinden, represented the area reserved for the master himself, and always opened up to the south side of the garden. There were corridors, or tai-no-ya, connecting the Shinden to the rest of the buildings in the complex. There corridors created an enclosure which i s where a lake would be placed and where the stroll garden was erected. Kinkakuji, also known as the Golden Pavilion (1394), serves as an example of this Shinden type. The site in northern Kyoto was developed as a large retirement estate by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1358-1409) beginning in 1394. The pavilion itself was sited the edge of a sprawling palace complex that no longer exists today. This was intended as proof that the warrior shogunate could contribute to the cultural and aesthetic life of the land to an extent equal to that of the imperial aristocracy. It has been recorded that the actual emperor of Japan visited Kinkakuji in 1408, the first time an emperor had ever stayed with a person that was not a member of the imperial court. The shogun died the year after. After his death the palace was turned over to the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism and it has remained under its control ever since. The Golden Pavilion is a three-story viewing and pleasure pavilion constructed on the edge of a pons as the focal point to a much larger garden on the grounds of the Rokuoni Temple. The pavilion itself is based on

The recovery process †Evaluating the impact of fiscal and monetary tools used to reheat the markets The WritePass Journal

The recovery process – Evaluating the impact of fiscal and monetary tools used to reheat the markets Introduction The recovery process – Evaluating the impact of fiscal and monetary tools used to reheat the markets Introduction1.   Government responses and interventions in the financial crisis(1)   Lending to financial institutions(2) Providing liquidity directly to key credit markets(3) Purchasing long-term securities2. Impacts of government actions to the markets1.   New trends on Financial landscape and changes in institution’s behavior towards riskReferencesRelated Introduction 1.   Government responses and interventions in the financial crisis According to the causes and effects discussed in the above parts, the global financial crisis can be divided into two main phases. The first phase was from August 2007 to August 2008, stemmed from losses in a small segment in the financial system , i.e. the subprime mortgages market. The second phase was in the mid-September 2008, in which the disruption developed far more rigorously. Rapidly, the moderate financial recession had transformed into a significantly disruptive global crisis in a short period of time. In order to stabilize and boost the weaken economy,   policymakers have acted aggressively to deal with the heterogeneous causes of the crisis ( A. Russo, J. Katze, 2010) since its emergence in 2007. Even though there are many opposers to government’s reaction (Moore, Baker, Taylor ), it is also approved by a significant number of economists and authorities ( IMF, McCain, Blinder, Zandi ) that the legislative and regulatory response prevented a far worst outcome , t hat is the second Great Depression. From August 2007, central banks began to lower interest rates ( Fed, timelines of policy responses ) to spur economies and make it more profitable for banks to loan. Interest rates then were discounted during diverse stages of the crisis. Following that cutting, incentives were created for US taxpayers, i.e tax rebates. Homeowners also received government’s assistance by refinancing their mortgages. Regarding individual institutions, governments did offer them bailouts ( Davidoff, Zaring, 2009). In September and October, 2008, central banks did implement a comprehensive, global action to recapitalize banks. For instance, on 30th September, French government and state-owned banks offered 3 billion euro to Dexia recapitalization; and on 13th October, Germany 70 billion euro recapitalization fund was pledged (the Fed, International timeline). Hence, central banks have imposed a great number of additional policy tools as the need arose. In gene ral, these responses can be divided into three main sets as follows. (1)   Lending to financial institutions During the crisis, the Federal Reserve has applied numerical actions to insure financial institutions have adequate liquidity for short-term credit activities. These actions include issuing new facilities for auctioning credit as well as banks and dealers to borrow at the Federal Reserve’s discount window. For instance, the Fed’s timelines of policy responses to the global financial crisis reports that since August 2007, the difference between federal fund target rates and the discount rates have been reduced from 100 basis points to 25 basis points. Similarly, many related terms were altered for the favor of financial institutions including Term Auction Facility ( TAF, Fed’s timeline, 12/12/2007), in which depository institutions can borrow funds at the rate below discount rates with term up to three months ; Term Securities Lending Facility ( TSLF, Fed’s timeline, 11/3/2008) together with Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF, Fed’s timeline, 16/3 /2008) . Moreover, as the financial crisis affected severely to the global economy, the need of providing liquidity into other countries’ economies arose. The Fed had entered into swap agreements with 14 foreign central banks. In this kind of agreement, these international banks are allowed to borrow dollars from the Fed to lend others bank which under their administration. (2) Providing liquidity directly to key credit markets Credit risk is known as one of the significantly contributing factor to the global crisis. On condition that anxiety of asset quality and creditworthy, financial institutions still constrained their loan provision after an abundant liquidity was put into the market. So as to solve and improve these problems, the Fed intervened by providing liquidity directly to demanders in key credit markets. These tools conclude Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) , which offers the Fed the high quality commercial paper with an expiration period of 90 days ( Carlson, Wakerfiled, 2009). (3) Purchasing long-term securities The last policy toolkit of central bank involved buying long-term securities in private credit markets. In an article by Benanke (2008) , $100 billion in government sponsored enterprise (GSE) debt together with more than $500 billion GSE mortgaged-backed securities were bought by the Federal Reserve. These actions put an effect of reducing the mortgage rate substantially. 2. Impacts of government actions to the markets Other than the fundamental cause, that is leverage, there are plenty of contributing factors led to the worst economic recession since the 1930s. Of which, complicit governments ( central banks, regulators and legislatures) also bear a share of the responsibility( A. Russo, J. Katze, 2010). For instance, in the case of   Citigroup and AIG, the US policymakers did not alter the existing law so as to bail out rapidly, and also offered the discount window to Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs that allowed them to convert into bank holding companies. However, in an article of Blinder and Zandi ( 2010), it is indicated that the economic recovery has made certain progress. As show below in the figure 5, by September 2010,the Fed and government has brought back the mild stabilization to the financial market. Exhibit 5: Source: Blinder, Alan S. and Zandi, Mark , How the Great Recession Was Brought to an End, July 27, 2010 Although the growth of economic recovery has still been in sluggish pace and uneven, authorities including IMF, former Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Alan Blinder, and current Moody’s Analytics Chief Economist Mark Zandi , have concluded that with the absence of the monetary and fiscal measures implemented by the Federal Reserve as well as the Bush and Obama Administrations, it would have been much more worse. As the IMF observed â€Å"†¦ thanks to a powerful and effective policy response, the United State recovery from the Great Recession has become increasingly well established. Since mid-2009, massive macroeconomic stimulus and the turn in the inventory cycle have overcome prevailing balance sheet strains, and- aided by steadily improving financial conditions- autonomous private demand has also started to gain ground.† Likewise, the opinion of Blinder and Zandi is that the â€Å"†¦effects of the government’s total policy response†¦on real GDP, j obs, and inflation are huge, and probably averted what could have been called Great Depression 2.0.† On the basis of these analysis, Blinder and Zandi â€Å"†¦estimate that, without the government’s response, GDP in 2010 would be about 11.5% lower, payroll employment would be less by 81/2 million jobs, and the nation would now be experiencing deflation†. Albeit the combination efforts taken by government and the Fed have positive effects to some extent to the economic recovery, recent analysis shows that the stimulus attempts are small and insufficient to reduce the unemployment rates and restore market confidence effectively. Hence, even though the housing market has recently attained some good news, there has been a rise in unemployment and â€Å"underemployment† rates of 9.6% and 16.7%, respectively ( A. Russo, J. Katze, 2010). Recent economists indicated that, the government’s responses to the brutal financial disaster led to dramatic increases in public sector spending. Thus, the 2008 crisis was initially in the private sector has been increasing to sovereign debt. So, new challenges have been contributed to the existing burden of many policymakers. Part E 1.   New trends on Financial landscape and changes in institution’s behavior towards risk The global financial recession has been triggered by complex causes. One of its fundamental contributing factor, i.e. leverage, initially existed in the private sector. However, recent observers has drawn attention to the fact that the 2008 crisis has potentially probabilities to transform into government sector (Harper, Chritine,2010) , i.e. sovereign debt. In reality, there have been several countries experiencing this trend including Greek, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, etc. It is the view of professors Reinhart and Rogoff   ( A. Russo, J. Katzel, P46, 2010)that the evolution from banking crisis to sovereign debt is inevitable to some extent. The reason is because in order to save a destructive financial system, government must intervene first by supporting vulnerable financial institutions, and following that is (1) enhancing private consumption through tax rebates or reductions in discount rates ;or (2) government stimulus measures. All these policy toolkits can involve considerab le increases in government spending, affecting the asset side of the government’s balance sheet. Thus, it leads to the sovereign debt. The main point that triggered the credit crunch in 2008 is the low interest rate and loose supervision. To code with that, IMF has announced the new version of global banking capital requirement for BASEL III which is highly demanded of the capital rate for banks. However, this is not the solution to fix out the problem. Obviously, the problem turns to be lack of supervision of the operational of Hedge Funds, not the banking sector. The flood of newly invented financial derivative forms the killer of this crisis. In order to keep these out of balance sheet, Hedge fund tend to use SIVs as a usual tool. Therefore, a strong demanding regulate should be focused on the Derivatives Market. We might establish a committee to supervise the new investment vehicle published, and call for standard trade contract could be allowance. In the contrast, part of risky private tailored structure product should be abandon. At the same time, we shall contend that the financial reporting standard for the Hedge Funds field should be changed, information they provide must be more transparent. What`s more, the submitting of the credit analysis   of CDOs contrast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References 1. International Monetary Fund, â€Å"United States of America Concluding Statement of the 2010, Article IV Mission†, June 21th, 2010 2. Blinder, Alan S. and Zandi, Mark , â€Å"How the Great Recession Was Brought To An End†, July 27th, 2010 3. Thomas A. Russo, Aaron J. Katze, â€Å"The 2008 Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath: Addressing the Next Challenge†, 2010. ( P32-P52) 4. Federal Reserve Bank, Timelines of Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis, newyorkfed.org/research/global-economy/policyresponses.html 5. John B. Taylor, â€Å"The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong â€Å", November 2008. 6. John Carlson, Sarah Wakefield, â€Å" The Impact of Credit Easing So Far†, 2009. 7. Bernanke,   Ben S. (2008).   Federal Reserve Policies in the Financial Crisis, speech at the Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce, Austin, Texas, December 1. 8. Walter B Moore, Cherie A Baker, â€Å"The 2008 Financial crisis: FAS 157 and FAS 59- Did They Reflect Realty?†,   Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 9, Harper, Christine, â€Å"Crash of 2015 Won’t Wait for Regulators to Rein In Wall Street†, Bloomberg.com, August 9, 2010.

An Example Of Transition Economy Economics Essay

An Example Of Transition Economy Economics Essay Around 1.21 billion people currently living in India, which is about 17.4% of the global population or one, can say 2.4 per cent of world GDP in US dollar terms and 5.5 % in PPP terms. The universal wellbeing too is linked to progress in India as reflected in the eager global interest in India. But, India seems to instigate and disappoint at the same time. Where some countries raced ahead in the development process, India lagged behind. It took 40 long years for India’s real per capita GDP to double from 1950-1951 to 1990-91. But, for India 1991-92 was a significant moment in modern economic history because of a severe balance of payments catastrophe prompted far accomplishment economic reforms, unlocking its growth potential, and the result was that in only 15 years, India’s per capita income doubled again by 2006-07. If India will maintain its current growth rate then, India’s per capita income could definitely double by 2017-18 in next some years. The key pol icy reforms since 1991-92, reviewing the economic progress made so far Policy Reforms before 1991 Macroeconomic crisis of 1991 discernible a turning point in India’s economic history for two reasons. First, fiscal arrears driven external payment mishap with a dip in foreign exchange reserves to below US$ 1 billion in 1991. Second, concurrently efforts were made towards wide ranging structural reforms surrounding areas of trade, management of exchange rates and industry, public finance as well as financial sector. The main objective was to create a competitive environment to improve output and efficiency. New industrial policy fostered competition by Abolishing monopoly restrictions Terminating the phased manufacturing programmers 100% foreign direct investment Import of foreign technology De-reservation of sectors till then reserved for the public sector. Only five industries are under licensing presently, mainly on account of environmental, health, safety and strategic consi deration and two industries are reserved for the public sector and those industries are: ATOMIC ENERGY RAILWAY TRANSPORT Reservation of industrial products for the small scale sector is still an enduring issue. FDI i.e. Foreign Direct Investment up to 100% is allowed under the automatic route in most sectors, but with a few exceptions. The infrastructure sector is being in the hands of private sector. Because of the large requirements of funds for infrastructure, 100% FDI has been allowed in all infrastructure sectors. There are unmitigated tax holidays to encourage the business of development, operation, and maintenance of infrastructure facilities. The monetary policy framework and its operating procedures in India have evolved over time with the changes in the macroeconomic structure and financial markets development. After the deregulation of the financial sector, the stability of money demand became deduce. Because of that, Reserve Banks switched from monetary targeting framewo rk, to a multiple indicator approach. In this approach, many indicators available on a high frequency basis. The various indicators are: Rates of return in different markets Movements in currency, credit, fiscal position, inflation rate, exchange rate etc Refinancing and transactions in foreign exchange The objective for the financial sector was to provide operational litheness and functional self-sufficiency to all the financial institutions so that they could allocate resources more efficiently. Some of the important initiatives in the financial sector were:

Human Resource Management Models of H&M Clothing Company, UK Essay

Human Resource Management Models of H&M Clothing Company, UK - Essay Example H&M pays close attention to its corporate social responsibility by instituting self-regulating mechanisms that monitor and ensure that the company adheres to set laws and ethical standards of the company. H&M has a long established tradition of a constant long-term growth strategy of opening new stores. This is done through acquiring market share from competitors, and increasing sales, profits and popularity. H&M’s organisational functional strategy is based on research and development that enables the company versatile and diverse making its products and operations unique setting it apart from its competitors. There are various long-term plans that have been instituted by H&M that are meant to improve business operations. These include being vigilant in controling and elimination of intermediaries, bulk buying in order to accrue from economies of scale. Price controls are implemented to protect customers from unscrupulous traders and expertise within the design teams is empha sized to guarantee quality. Mergers and acquisitions are another strategy that is used by H&M as illustrated by the acquisition of FaBric Scandinavian (H&M Annual Report, 2012 p10). H&M is broadening its products range by investing in information technology launching online platforms for its products according to the company’s 2012 annual report (p34). The company’s open-door policy encourages employee and customer input in developing and improving its operations. Reward (Luliia Stakhiva) The H&M Company strives to ensure that it maintains a conducive and suitable environment for its workers and customers. H&M implements reward strategies that give career advancement opportunities in a dynamic and global company, and avail career milestones for motivation. There are training and skill development programs meant to enhance employee capabilities, and the implementation of employee rotation. This gives employees the opportunity to work in diverse fields in which they gain varied experience and skill. In 2010, H&M introduced an incentives program that was meant to encourage and gain employee loyalty, long-term support and commitment to the company’s policies. This avails information and valuable knowledge to workers making H&M an attractive company and place for employees. Reward systems and policies include monetary and non-monetary aspects that are meant to ensure employee loyalty, commitment and support for the company’s policies and goals. According to Beaumont (1993 np), rewards systems have potentially powerful impacts on an organisation’s performance at any level of production and business operations. Rewards systems primary goal is to motivate employees, which affects their behaviour and attitudes to their job and ultimately their job performance capabilities. Sillitoe (2010 np) postulates that H&M’s reward system will benefit the company’s employees and increase its attractiveness and credibility in the job market, which will make it to acquired relevant skilled personnel more easily. Fair remuneration and working hours are another incentive that is included in the company’s reward strategy, and the formation of unions to encourage career growth. H&M

Comparitve study of inter-personal relationship as potrayed in madame Essay

Comparitve study of inter-personal relationship as potrayed in madame bovary and siddhartha - Essay Example Due to her blind faith in the materialistic and fabricated relationships she overlooks the real love of Charles Bovary and gets deceived. For instance, she does not recognize the wrong intentions of Rodolphe, who used her to satisfy his sexual desires, and assumed that he loves her. Dr. Charles Bovary’s observation of reality is also impractical. He thinks that living means just to survive. As a result, he is deficient in interest, enthusiasm, strength and joy. He is so insensitive to his surroundings that he remains unaware of the obvious mistakes and relationships of Emma, Homais, Lheureux, and other characters. However, regardless of his unresponsive nature he possesses qualities like sincerity, faithfulness and honesty. On the other hand the character of Siddhartha is not in love with the materialistic world like Emma. He is instead in the search of spiritual love and considers finding this love his destiny. The character as portrayed by the author reaches limits to find t hat love in the story as he leaves behind many things in finding it. This essay would revolve around the two major characters in these novels (i.e. Siddhartha and Emma) and would analyze the relationships both have in the story in accordance to their nature. The relationships that they have with other characters would also be analyzed. It would also tell how both of them are different and similar to each other in their actions. Siddhartha is the novel whose major idea is that pleasure comes from spiritual peace. In the novel, the central character tries to find peace, which is at last attained after going through a number of different phases of life. The first phase is that of his childhood which he spent as an orthodox Brahmins child. In this period, he studies the scriptures and performs ritual sacrifice. In the second stage he follows Samanas and learns about thriftiness and self-discipline. The third stage lets him learn the

Public Affairs relations project revised Essay Example for Free

Public Affairs relations project revised Essay Bisker PLC Company is a well established company which deals basically with manufacture of vanish and different polymers. It has created job opportunities within that region. The only problem that it faces is a lot of complains from the local people and authority over the pollutants which it emits to the environment. A lot of money has been spent by this company in trying to solve this issue. Bisker want to expand its company to meet market demand but it fears the risk of pollution since it will expand the company next to a recreational centre. Through strict regulations, the company has been able to maintain safety standard within the area. So during their three months planning period, they want to come up with public relations programs which will help them to manage their strategies in order to meet the standards of operation in the best way. Therefore, the company should assume that, through proper management of public affair relations, the company can operate to the best without complains from the local community or politicians since their waste and pollutants will be well managed. Identification of problems. The major problems that the company face are that of smell pollution and noise. This has lead to management receiving a number of complains from the local politicians and residents. Through, their management skills the management has fitted the company with fitters which will help in filtering all the pollutants and this can hence reduce the risk of environmental pollution within the area. In fixing up this problem, the company has resulted to substantial use of money so that the problem can be fixed. Another problem that the company face is the issue of expansion of their company which they anticipate that they will receive mixed reaction from the people within and also the local politicians since they fear the risk of bad smell and noise from the company. This can be experienced since the extension of company will be near woodland which is secured for the local community recreation. This has created fear of investing large amount of money which is meant to be inverted in this extension and in environmental improvement to reduce the risk of pollution. Pollution problems need to be addressed since the area is usually inspected regularly to determine pollution rate and in case the inspectors come up with a high figure of rate of pollution it can lead to closure of the company despite the large amount of money that they spend. All these problems are brought about by their plans being designed and implemented by small management team. If the company’s problems are managed by the public relations team better solutions can be sought which will enable the company to manage most of its issues publicly and more also it can be at a better position of solving its problems in a better manner through public relation. When these problems are identified, various public relations strategies can be employed by the company so that it can come up with distinct measures which can be addressed these problems and solving them. Quite a number of public relations strategies need to be employing so that the management will deal with the problems at reduced cost. The cost incurred in these management strategies can hence be reduced through proper establishment of public relations strategies. The company is also faced with emission of excessive noise which the local residents have always complained about. To deal with this problem, the company can use noise proof materials which can trap some of the noise that comes from the industry. Through this the company can enhance its extension which will lead to increase in market shares since they would not be facing a lot of objection from the local community. With the problem of pollution from the company local people who are the main workers in the industry are faced with great risk of acquiring infectious from the aerosols which are emitted from industry. Safety measures should be taken within the industry which ensures that the welfare of employees is taken care of so that the company will not be faced with the problem of lack of staff. After extension of plants life, the 12 jobs which will be created means that the company need to spend extra money in ensuring that the welfare of the added employees is taken care of so that they can be safe at work. Public Relations.  The public relations and public communication plans aims at developing aims and objectives of the company which they can operate on. These strategies helps in getting the solution of problems that are faced by the company. In solving the problems that the company face, public relations manager should ensure that they involve professionals who are quite conversant with way forward of dealing with these problems. Experienced personnel who are aware of the most problems that the company face can come up with relative measures that the company can apply so that they can be at a point of dealing with their issue. Their strategies should be focused on the way forward to reduce the problem of pollution so that the local residents will be free with the expansion of company to create enough opportunity of the company to maximize its profit and at the same time to take care of the interest of the local community so that they risk of pollution can be reduced. Therefore, personnel who deal with the issue of making plans for companies, once hired they should ensure all the problems are addressed including that of safety standard which are usually inspected regularly so that they can meet the safety standards which are needed by the inspecting body. These safety measures when well employed can result to good standards of the company which will hence help it in retaining its market shares. During their public plans implementation, the company should ensure that they involve local residents and politicians in their plans implementation since with the views of the people who are affected; they can understand the major problem and put into consideration their view in regard on how to eliminate the problems. People who are adversely affected by the problems are in a batter position of coming up with the solutions in regard to the problem. By involving the society, the social aspect of the company will be boosted since it will have incorporated a social way of dealing with issues. The management of the company in their effort to involve the society, they should make them to understand the benefits of the company i. e. the way the company is contributing to economical and social growth in the region. They can also view the benefits that they experience from the products of the company. Apart from this, community need to be made aware of the measures that the company need to put in place of dealing with problems which the local community are facing as a result of pollution and noise. Problems with the company can be dealt with them fully when the company need to shift from small management team to public so that they can deal with the issue at public level because the problem need to be fully addressed. With a bigger management, the company can hence increase its market share and expand greatly which will increase its marketability. The company acquire good reputation when it ensures that all the strategies that it applies are considerable to everyone and that they are not carrying out their practices against the wish of the local people and the leaders. Minimum resources can be used by the company when they use proper public relations scheme and experienced employees in dealing with the management problem. By establishing proper committee for managing the company expansion strategies, less expense can be experienced. Noise being another major problem in the region need to be addressed by the company. The management should use their public relations skill to deal with the problem. They should first carry out research from the local residents so that they can advise them on way forward of dealing with the issue of pollution. Local residents can give their relative views which the company can hence implement to reduce the risks of noise pollution. Plan Tactics. In company’s plan tactics the company need to address all the problems that they are currently facing before expansion of the company, how they have tried to solve them and how successful they were. Therefore, in company’s plan tactics, they should aim at coming up with various strategies to ensure that the problems are fully solved. Some of the tactics which need to be implemented include: solving the problem of pollution and noise so that the public recreation place remain safe and the industry can continue with its operations. This can be solved by use of filters and noise proof materials which will prevent interference in the environment. The tactic to deal with the claims from the public relations should be two way and responsive this will implementations which need to be put in place. Implementations are best carried out when they are carried out in two perspectives since measures will be taken in regard to both sides. Both management and the local community should be open and honest to one another so that they can share information freely so that all the problems can be addressed fairly without any side being humiliated. The local residents should receive letters from the company which usually alert them of the way forward that the company want to employ their tactics in dealing with pollution. By doing this the local resident will recognize the efforts of the company and therefore they can try in assisting them on how to deal with the issue. The management can also come up with bill board whereby they can notify the community on their strategies of dealing with various issues of pollution. In questionnaire, the company get the views of the community in regard to what they want to be implemented so that they can feel safe. Questionnaire can be very helpful also to the general public which is affected by the risk of pollution the public can give their views in regard to the way they view the management strategies so that after assessing their views they can determine implementations which are needed so that the life of community is not at risk of any form of pollution. The company can reduce the risk of environmental and noise pollution by having double windows which will ensure that the amount of pollutants emitted from the company does not interfere with the environment but rather the pollutant are controlled within the company setup. Therefore, the company should ensure that all measures required are implemented so that the issues which are put forward for the interest of the community. Letters should be sent to the local residents so that they can be notified on ways that the company is trying to come up with so that they can reduce the risk of pollution within the environment which has been the major threat to the community. The community can hence realize that the company is doing its best to safeguard the welfare of employees. Time Consideration In time consideration, it should be entirely done according to the above tactics. The first thing which should be done is sending the letter to the local residents notifying them on their plans to expand the company and the efforts that they are putting in place to ensure that the issue of pollution will be minimized. The management should come up with various ways of ensuring that management strategies are carried out at the right time and taking into consideration the number of people who will benefit from these strategies. After taking care of tactics, then public relations plans should be initiated immediately after the plans for expanding the company are drafted and the public relations manager have come up with various ways of dealing with the needs of the company. Time is very crucial in public relations because it ensure that all the management strategies are carried out at the right time which will contribute greatly in planning. Proper timing of these management strategies will ensure that the managerial strategies on the way to expand the company are carried out in the right way. Time is quite crucial in public relations because it can be used to rate how fast or slow the implementations are taking place. Implementations which need to be considered are those of dealing with the problem that the company face. When these implementations are carried out is very crucial since proper timing will ensure that all the aspects which need to be incorporated in the plan are addressed. Before the three months time which the management need in order to get permission for planning, they should have organized various methods that they need to apply in their public relations skills which will enable their plans to be known by the public within a short time. According to the case of Bisker industry implementation of the public relations plan will take a short time since to start with they have to apply to the local authority to be allowed to continue with their plans for expanding their company. This will take place after a short duration of three months time. After permission is granted, more time will be spent in ensuring that the objectives of company expansion are known to the general public. Since the company hired public relations firm to carry on with public relations strategies is a good idea and since the firm is experienced it will handled so many public relations strategies initially, the project is anticipated to take a short time to be fully completed. After implementation of public relations strategies for public relations, the company will be able to reach out to a big number of individuals through public awareness since after implementation of these strategies it will be able to move from small management team to public. After this awareness of public, move individuals can be reached through media. Media awareness will be created by advertising for their commodities. Advertisements are meant to reach a big number of individuals. Therefore, public relations and communication plans will ensure that all the problems that are facing company are addressed and solutions sought by qualified personnel. Plans will be carried through at appropriate time and since the strategies are well managed. These strategies can hence be used to plan for the management progress of the company including plans undertaken which are meant for expanding the company and its operations fully. Duration of time that the plans takes determines the affectivity of plans since planning need to be given enough time which will ensure that all strategies and plans are fully taken care of within a considerable time period.

The Louisiana Purchase :: essays research papers

The Louisiana Purchase was the purchase of the French province of Louisiana by the United States in 1803. The province stretched from the Mississippi River westward to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico northward to Canada, covering an area equal to that of the United States, prior to the purchase. Except for the Mississippi River on the east and Canada on the north, the boundaries were indefinite. The United States also claimed West Florida between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers as part of the purchase, but Spain denied the claim. As a result of the purchase, the port of New Orleans and the entire Mississippi system were secured for American shippers, and the country was free to expand toward the Pacific Ocean. The price wa $15,000,000 for an area of 828,000 square miles (2,145,000 km) - less than 3 cents an acre. In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte got Spain to return it by a secret treaty. Napoleon planned a French empire in the New World, with its center at New Orleans. President Jefferson was alert to the dangers of a powerful nation controlling the mouth of the Mississippi. He instructed the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, to open negotiations to buy New Orleans and some territory east of the city. A treaty would have to satisfy the financial claims that some United States citizens had against the French government. Finally the French continued to claim that the province still belonged to Spain. Jefferson sent James Monroe to help with the negotiations, and authorized him to spend no more than $10,000,000. Napoleon offered Livingston and Monroe the entire province of Louisiana in a treaty dated April 30, 1803. The American negotiators agreed to pay $11,250,000 to France and $3,750,000 for the French debts to United States citizens. The purchase forced Jefferson to give a broad interpretation to the Constitution, which did not specifically grant authority for acquiring new territory.

The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology

John B. Watson work on classical behaviorism that paved the way for B. F. Skinner's radical or operant behaviorism which has had a large impact on educational systems. Watson was one of the influential psychologists of the twentieth century. His material is still used in most psychology and educational psychology texts. Watson helped with defining the study of behavior anticipated Skinner's emphasis on operant conditioning and the importance of learning and environmental influences in human development.Watson’s criticized of Sigmund Freud has been given credit for helping to disseminate principles of Freudian psychoanalysis. Watson is known for the Little Albert study and his dozen healthy infants quote. Watson is given credit for popularizing the term behaviorism with the publication of his seminal 1913 article â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. † In the article, Watson argued that psychology had failed in its quest to become a natural science, largely due t o a focus on consciousness and other unseen phenomena.Rather than study these unverifiable ideas, Watson urged the careful scientific study of observable behavior. His view of behaviorism was a reaction to introspection, where each researcher served as their own research subject. The study of consciousness by Freud and Watson believed to be subjective and unscientific. Watson believed that controlled laboratory studies were the most effective way to study learning. In approach manipulation of the learner's environment was the key to fostering development.The approach stands in contrast to techniques that placed the emphasis for learning in the mind of the learner. The 1913 article gives credit for the founding of behaviorism but it had a minor impact after its publication. Watson prepared psychologists and educators for the highly influential work of Skinner and other radical behaviorists in subsequent decades. B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psycho logy. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. His theories have helped mankind in many ways.He studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. His most important work was the study of behaviorism. John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today; Influence in Psychology. B. F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. Skinner was responsible for experiments such as the â€Å"Skinner box†. He wrote some very famous books. One of them was â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†. This book describes the basic points of his system. Another was Walden Two. This book describes a utopian society that functions on positive reinforcement.Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that is interested in observable behavior. Skinner said, â€Å"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the philosophy of that science. † There are various types of behavior, such as innate beha vior. Innate behaviors are certain behaviors. B. F. Skinner, in his novel Walden Two, presents many arguments about how he foresees a positive change in the world through manipulation of behavior on the personal level. B. F. Skinner's entire system is based on operant conditioning. This organism is the process of operating on the environment.This operating the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus called a reinforcing stimulus or reinforcer. The special stimulus have the effect of increasing the operant which is the behavior occurring. Operant conditioning the behavior is followed by a consequence or the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms’ tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. Example; you have a cat and the cat just playing around with a ball and when you throw the ball at the cat and the cat catches it and you give him a treat. The cat is starts to catch the ball as you throw it in the air .The operant is the behavior prior to. The cat will s top the trick which you’re were enjoying. This is called extinction of the operant behavior. If you were to start showing the dog treats then likely the cat with start doing the tricks again and more quickly than the cat learned at first. This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the first time the cat was reinforced for doing the tricks. Freud and Skinner agree that human behavior is the result of outside barriers that hinder the ideal of free ill. Skinner believes that humans in good environment can live happy while Freud understands that humans are design to live in some degree of anguish or discontent. Skinner uses the example of Walden Two to illustrate his ideas of how human behavior should be formed. Skinner’s argues on how to eliminate what he knows as problematic rests on his prescription of dismissing the notion of individual freedom. Skinner does not only say that the ideal of individual freedom is farce. He takes further and states that the search for it is where society has gone wrong.He wants no part in the quest for individual freedom. If we give up this illusion, says Skinner, we can condition everyone to act in acceptable ways. Skinner has a specific prescription for creating this utopian society. He believe that all that is necessary is to change the conditions which surround man. He believe that by controlling what a person's environment is it is possible to craft a man to behave in any way. Skinner wants to use this notion to create a world without pain and suffering. In Walden Two, he describes what conditions are necessary to create a world of happiness.Skinner proposes that to create his perfect society one need only to come up with the characteristics of what man should be. Edward Chace Tolman was a modern cognitive psychology. He showed that animals in learning mazes acquire organized spatial and temporal information about the maze and about the conse quences of various alternative behaviors. He was combating the dominant views of his time which emphasized the acquisition of conditioned reflexes rather than knowledge about environmental events. Although several short biographies or reviews of Tolman's contributions are (Crutchfield, 1961; Crutchfield et al. 1960; Hilgard, 1980; Innes, 1999, 2000; McFarland, 1993; Ritchie, 1964; Tolman, 1952), it is appropriate that one be included in an encyclopedia of learning and memory because workers in this field today are using ideas that were initiated and developed by Tolman. Tolman's findings and ideal have helped to shape modern understanding of learning, memory and cognition. Tolman was similar to the behaviorists in his ideals on objectivity and measurement. He did not believe reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur. Tolman (1932) proposed five types of learning: pproach learning, escape learning, avoidance learning, choice-point learning, and latent learning. All forms of l earning depend upon means-end readiness, goal-oriented behavior, mediated by expectations, perceptions, representations, and other internal or environmental variables But the problems with his work were that he poorly defined many terms that he used in his fundamental theories, and that is difficult to make predictions from a point of view because of lack of determining the nature and strength of expectations before hand and when or how expectations may change.There are different ways to think about humans and their behaviors. In modern psychology provide researchers a way to approach problems and find ways to explain and predict human behavior. Develop new treatment for problem with behaviors. All three men contributes to psychology even to psychologist are still using their methods in studies. Several area of the human’s behavior is accomplished by Skinner, Watson and Tolman that stand today in modern psychology.These men did not agree on every thing but made a caramel grou nd in studying the human behavior. Also they was studied of animal compare with the human’s behavior which many theory still exist today. These three men remain widely accepted, but all have contributed tremendously to our understanding of human thought and behaviors. The field of psychology has come a long way and these are three men that help paved the way for modern psychology for researchers and student who studied field pertaining to psychology. The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Abstract Research and statistics are essential elements within the field of Psychology. Through the evolution of technology, the task of conducting adequate research and statistics methods have become abundant in methodology. Because of such, research collection and experimentation approaches of researchers and Psychologists, greatly vary in specificity. However, one method reigns true and consistent, and that is the Scientific Method; of which will be further explored.This paper will discuss and make sense of the roles in which both research and statistics play in the field of Psychology, and the procedures in which such methods are conducted will be defined. This will include explanations of the validity, importance, and relevance of the above stated procedures, as such are referenced for study. The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Research and statistics play a crucial role in the field of psy chology, both of which are used to ascertain and examine informational data. Such methods are used to greatly increase the effectiveness and success of an organization or field of study.Scientific or logical informational data is typically established through the use of the scientific method. Over the course of research history and study, the scientific method has become known to be the most reliable and consistent method of obtaining dependable knowledge. Such knowledge is then kept and utilized by researchers, either for their own study (primary data), or by a secondary party referencing said data (secondary data). Essentially, the field of Psychology is geared towards ascertaining the truth about people, the mental process, and behaviors that follow.The truth can only truly be found through the above methods. The Scientific Method For as long as the human mind has had thought, human beings have, in one way or another, questioned, observed, and analyzed the world we live in and th e way we proceed to live within it. These human beings, the thinkers, the observers, the analyzers have always been and still remain the scholars of their time period. The phrase â€Å"method of scholars† is an alternative title for the scientific method, for it is the absolute best set of methods in finding the truth, and of course the scholars would know. It has often been said that the greatest discovery in science was the discovery of the scientific method of discovery†: (Feibleman, 1972). This method is an investigation in which a problem is initially identified. With this, observations, experiments, and other relevant data (provided by research) are then used to create or test hypotheses that lead to conclusions about the original problem. The steps involved in this process include: 1) Forming a testable hypothesis. 2) Devising a research plan and method of application. 3) Collecting data and researching. 4) Analyzing the data and reaching possible conclusions abo ut the study. ) Report findings. This research can be characterized as an activity of creative work that is carried out in a systematic way in an effort to increase knowledge and truth. In the field of psychology, this refers to the knowledge of the human mind, human behavior, cultures, and societies. In order to fully understand how researchers, scientists, psychologists, scholars, and students alike reach such conclusions, one needs to recognize the importance of the research process and measures that are applied when conducting the various types of psychological research.With this knowledge, one will not only understand what is involved in reaching conclusions about psychology, but also how to do so oneself. (McLeod, 2008) Primary and Secondary Data. Primary and secondary data are both key components in any piece of information. These two types of data are used within many avenues of life, not just research and science. They can be published or unpublished and in any media presen tation, from print to electronic. Therefore, since Primary and secondary data are quite abundant, yet perhaps undistinguishable from the uneducated eye†¦ What exactly are the differences and characteristics of such?The distinct difference between primary and secondary data is the method of research in which the data was found. While primary data is both researched and utilized by the same source, secondary data comes from the research of a combination of external or secondary sources. An accurate example of primary data is that of personal vital statistics records, for such are accounts that have been personally witnessed and recorded by the source, and then kept by public institutions, as well as the source. Specific examples of personal records would include but are not limited to: birth certificates, death certificates, and marriage licenses.Such examples are vital to the functioning of an individual and the organization (country) of which that individual resides. Additional ly, such documents can be used in genealogical research, and other research projects related to society, culture, and psychology. One stepped removed from the original source of data, would be data that is secondary. A prime example of such would be information found in textbooks and historical documents, which are comprised of information that was borrowed from multiple primary sources.Case in point, when a history book includes computed data regarding a regions birth and death rates for a specific time period, the birth and death certificates would have originally been considered primary data, but when utilized and calculated by an outside source for the purpose of a study shown in the book, that data then becomes secondary. (McLeod, 2008) Statistics in Research. Statistics are a crucial part of research. Without, statistics, it is nearly impossible to attain a definitive conclusion and/or compute data in any research study.Being that the study of statistics is the science of coll ecting, analyzing, and making inferences from data, it quite literally communicates research findings in an effort to give credibility to the research itself. Obviously, it is imperative that researchers understand statistics, however, it is also important that the general population has at least a basic understanding of such. For not only researchers, but the entire population is bombarded by statistics every day, and in one way or another, everyone performs research.Whether the research is nominal, such as comparing prices, or significant, such as proving a ground breaking psychological theory, the point remains that it is all research and all research is comprised of statistics (Aron & Coups, 2009). Conclusion. Arthur Schopenhauer once said, â€Å"Just as the largest library, badly arranged, is not so useful as a very moderate one that is well arranged, so the greatest amount of knowledge, if not elaborated by our own thoughts, is worth much less than a far smaller volume that h as been abundantly and repeatedly thought over. Schopenhauer’s quote is an excellent representation of the importance of research, the scientific method, primary data, secondary data, and the role of statistics in research. Essentially, an abundance of information is only influential and valuable when it has been analyzed and brought to purposeful point. Through the understanding and proper use of the above explored topics, one can surely make a positive impact upon the field of Psychology and research alike. References Aron, A. , Aron, E. N. , & Coups, E. J. (2009). Statistics for psychology (5th ed. ).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Darwin, Charles. (1859). On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 428. Retrieved from http://todayinsci. com/QuotationsCategories/P_Cat/Psychology-Quotations. htm Feibleman, Dr. James. (1972). The Scientific Method. Retrieved from http://www. scientificmethod. com/index2. html McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychology as a S cience. Retrieved from http://www. simplypsychology. org/science-psychology. html Reiff, Harwood, Phillipson. (2002). â€Å"A scientific method based upon research scientists' conceptions of scientific inquiry. (Presentation). Presented at the Annual International Conference of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science. Retrieved from http://cires. colorado. edu/education/outreach/rescipe/collection/inquirystandards. html Sage, Nicole. (2001). â€Å"Steps of the Scientific Method†. Introduction to Research. Retrieved from http://finntrack. co. uk/learners/research. htm Figures The Scientific Method based on Research Scientists’ Conceptions of Scientific Inquiry (Reiff, Harwood, Phillipson , 2002) Standard Steps of the Scientific Method (Sage, 2001)

5 Pen PC Technology Essay

Abstract: When writing a quick note, pen and paper are still the most natural to use. The 5 pen pc technology with digital pen and paper makes it possible to get a digital copy of handwritten information, and have it sent to digital devices via Bluetooth. P-ISM (Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package), which is nothing but the new discovery which is under developing stage by NEC Corporation. It is simply a new invention in computer and it is associated with communication field. Surely this will have a great impact on the computer field. In this device you will find Bluetooth as the main interconnecting device between different peripherals. P-ISM is a gadget package including five functions: a pen-style cellular phone with a handwriting data input function, virtual keyboard, a very small projector, camera scanner, and personal ID key with cashless pass function. P-ISMs are connected with one another through short-range wireless technology. The whole set is also connected to the Internet through the cellular phone function. This personal gadget in a minimalist pen style enables the ultimate ubiquitous computing. Computer affects our life in a much bigger way then most of us might have thought. It has become a compulsory requirement in most professions to be able to use computer software. The first computer invented was the ENIAC in 1943 which was the same size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern PCs. Modern computers which are based on integrated circuits are small enough to fit into mobile devices. One of the most compacted computers out right now are table computers with the most popular being the IPad, but even that is 9.1inch and weighing about 700grams. But imagine having a computer that will fit into your pencil case. The P-ISM (Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package) consists of a package of 5 pens that all have unique functions, combining together to create a virtual computing experience. This is only a prototype under developing stage by NEC Corporation. In 2003, Geneva held the ITU telecom Word exhibition which exhibited a conceptual $30,000 prototype of a P-ISM designed by the Tokyo-based NEC Corporation. P-ISM (â€Å"Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package†), which is nothing but the new discovery, which is under  developing, stage by NEC Corporation. P-ISM is a gadget package including five functions: a pen-style cellular phone with a handwriting data input function, virtual keyboard, a very small projector, camera scanner, and personal ID key with cashless pass function. P-ISMs are connected with one another through short-range wireless technology. The whole set is also connected to the Internet through the cellular phone function. This personal gadget in a minimalist p en style enables the ultimate ubiquitous computing.

CH. 7 Psychology Test Essays

CH. 7 Psychology Test Essays CH. 7 Psychology Test Paper CH. 7 Psychology Test Paper Essay Topic: Literature Which is the most likely prototype for the concept vehicle? Car Which of the following test would be best suited to an 8 year old child? WISC-IV Most standardized tests have a distribution of scores that: Follows the normal curve Which of the following activities/sports is noted by your textbook as having a concerning number of head injuries and concussions? Cheerleading Which of these elements of the formal definition of intellectual disability? Adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the persons age. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability? IQ below 70 In familiar retardation, the degree of retardation is typically? Mild Which of the following people would be classified as having a profound developmental delay? Someone with IQ below 25 Which of the following is a true statement? The mildly retarded can reach the sixth grade level and love independently. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Thurmans longitudinal study of gifted children? The same children were followed over the length of their life span and some are still being followed today. If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? Identical Twins At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language? It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development. Which of the following is suggested by your authors as helping to substantially improve cognitive health? Physical Exercise On September 6th, 2007, Alex the African Parrot died. He was an important part of the work conducted by researcher Irene Pepperberg in ______ and _______ research. Cognition and Communication _____ scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex. PET _____ are the ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities. Concepts What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities or situations that share some common characteristics? Concepts Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math, ______ tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries. Natural Concepts The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the ______. Prototype The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as the _____ solution. Mechanical What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists. Algorthmic Method What problem-solving strategies dont guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time? Heuristics In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to? Heuristics A seemingly arbitrary flash out-of-the-blue thought which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, buy you do not consciously know how you figured it out is called? Insight Kohler demonstrated Aha! or insight with ______ Chimps What term of psychologist use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our beliefs and to ignore evidence that might disprove it? Confirmation Bias The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called? Mental Set The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called? Creativity _______ Thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed. Convergent A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in ______ thinking. Divergent A group of businessmen and women get together to try to solve the problem of decreased sales of their companys products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called? Brainstorming The divergent thinking technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a map with lines from the center to the other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as ______ or _____ mapping. Mind or Subject The divergent thinking technique of writing down everything that comes to ind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all the information is recorded and then organizing it later is known as ______. Freewriting The ability to think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologists working definition of? Intelligence Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of _____ intelligence and ______ General, Specific abilities Gardner and his associates are known for proposing the theory of _____ intelligence. Multiple What three types of intelligence constitutes Sternbergs triarchic their of intelligence? Analytical, Creative and Practical Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from? France Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test. IQ The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Termans development of the Stanfor-Binet test was? IQ = MA/CA x 100 Psychological test that yields relatively consistent results are said to be? Reliable A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be Validity A test is said to be _____ if a persons score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it. Reliable What percentage of the population has an IQ below 100? 50% When soldiers in the military sustain head injuries, there is a _____% likelihood that the injuries would be categorized as moderate to severe. 50% People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above? 130 All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above? 140 The term ______ refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. Termans Termites ______ Intelligence has been suggested by Golemanto to be more powerful influence on life than traditional views. Emotional A group of psychologists reviews the literature on the heritability of intelligence. They conclude that most of the estimates indicate that _____ percent of intelligence is due to genetics 50% A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called? Language The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as? Grammar The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called? Syntax The basic meaningful units of any language are called? Morphemes What are the smallest units of meaning in a language? Morphemes The semantics of the sentence He ran refer to its? Meaning _____ are defined as the practical aspects of communicating with others, to the social niceties of language. Pragmatics The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called? Intonation Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language? Piajet What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think? The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Researchers have found that both ____ and ____ are influenced by culture. Language and Thought Regular aerobic exercise has been found to increase neurogensis in the _______. Hippocampus